TOEFL: SKILL 8--FIND DEFINITIONS FROM STRUCTURAL CLUES
Example
The passage:
One of the leading schools of psychological thought in the twentieth century is behaviorism-- the belief that the role of the psychologist is to study behavior, which is observable, rather than conscious or unconscious thought, which is not. Probably the best-known proponent of behaviorism is B.F. Skinner, who is famous for his research on how rewards and punishments influence behavior. He came to believe that positive reinforcements such as praise, food, or money were more effective in promoting good behavior than negative reinforcement, or punishment.
The questions:
1. In "behaviorism" in line 2, a psychologist is concerned with
(A) conscious thought patterns
(B) unconscious thought patterns
(C) observable actions
(D) unobservable actions
2. What is "positive reinforcement" in line 7?
(A) A gift
(B) A reward
(C) A bribe
(D) A penalty
3. What is "negative reinforcement" in line 9?
(A) A promotion
(B) A reward
(C) A surprise
(D) A punishment